Runaway slaves were whipped in front of other slaves, a foot might be amputated, they might be fitted with leg shackles or chained to another slave. Scarifications and body art were another indicator of African birth among enslaved West Indians. The lengthy commentary underneath gives details on the Amistad revolt. He stayed in Paramaribo, but visited plantations, maroon communities and indigenous villages inland. Slave Punishments in the Antebellum American South. However, he continues, a number of these women have family or other emotional attachments on the plantations from which they were taken, and sometimes escape and return to their plantations. A sculptor, furniture designer and architect, Richard Bridgens was born in England in 1785, but in 1826 he moved to Trinidad where his wife had inherited a sugar plantation, St. Clair. . 14-15). This lithograph, published as a broadside, is on display in the Chicago Historial Society museum exhibit A House Divided: America in the Age of Lincoln. He had no family or companionship and lived off of crabs, monkeys, snakes, bananas, everything that nature offered. This image shows an enslaved man wearing an iron mask over his face. Exceptions were made in the case of bigamy and adultery, for which whites were severely punished and not the slaves. He went to London in 1758 where he became acquainted with William Young, who was appointed to a high governmental post in West Indian territories acquired by Britain from France during the Seven Yearâs War. Dirt eating, or geophagy was widespread among West Indian slaves, but its etiology was commonly misunderstood by West Indian planters." Slaves have to go to the fields after being whipped, when their skin is so cut up that they have to keep all the time pulling their clothes away from the raw flesh. Agostino Brunias (1730â1796), also Brunyas, Brunais, was an Italian painter. However, slave laws were soon passed â in Massachusetts in 1641 and Virginia in 1661 âand any small freedoms that might have existed for blacks were taken away⦠This engraving shows three men walking along a path. William Dickson, who had lived in Barbados during the 1770s and 1780s as secretary to the colonial governor, wrote in his well-known work on British West Indian slavery: The instrument of correction commonly used in Barbadoes, is called a cow-skin, without which a negro driver would [not] . Those found guilty or sometimes merely accused of serious "crimes"âarson, assault, rape, attempted murder, conspiracy, poisoningâwere banished or hanged. Pierre Jacques Benoit (1782-1854) was a Belgian artist, who visited the Dutch colony of Suriname on his own initiative for several months in 1831. A sculptor, furniture designer and architect, Richard Bridgens was born in England in 1785, but in 1826 he moved to Trinidad where his wife had inherited a sugar plantation, St. Clair. According to the accompanying explanations, "1), upper right, Quamina, on plantation Success; 2), upper right, Lindor, on La Bonne Intention; 3), lower left, Paul, on the Friendship, and two heads at the middle-walk of Plantation New Orange Nassau; 4), lower right, Telemachus and Jemmy, on Bachelor's Adventure. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave. Chattel slavery is so named because the enslaved are the personal property of the owners and bought and sold as a commodity, and the status of slave was imposed on the enslaved from birth. The villagers called this plaited leather whip a hunter and used it while herding cows or small livestock. 460-461. Benoit wrote that "it is not rare to find, in the most remote places, a black man who spends entire years secluded and isolated from communication with other men." Poma de Ayala described in the image how âthe Spaniards abuse their African slaves.â Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala (1535âc. Often runaways would be sold "south." I saw one young girl who had a couple of boards fixed on her shoulders, each of them rather more than two feet long, and ten inches or a foot wide, fastened together by pieces of wood nailed on the under side. Thomas Ewbank (1792â1870) was an English writer on practical mechanics. Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization was an American political magazine based in New York City and published by Harper & Brothers from 1857 until 1916. Originally advertised by the title Le Supplice de Fouet, it was listed in a catalog for the exhibition as Chatiment des Quatres Piquets dans les Colonies (Punishment of the Four Stakes/Pegs in the Colonies), the name by which it is commonly known. If a slave killed its master then there punishment was the slaves whole family was tortured and killed; If the slave were captured after it had run away then the punishment would of been to break some of the slaves bones or joints. In one instance, a man kidnapped about 60 slaves owned by the State Bank in Tuscaloosa County and took them to Florida, where they were forced to work on a plantation. Slave Punishment - Branding or Tattoos 113-119; Jerome Handler, Diseases and Medical Disabilities of Enslaved Barbadians, From the Seventeenth Century to around 1838, Part II. See also Brian Austen, Richard Hicks Bridgens (Oxford Art Online/Grove Art Online). When an event takes place in the city that is of interest to them, whether it be preparation for war, the death of an important personnage or the arrival of a vessel, one of these Bush Negroes whose job is that of a spy and who maintains contact with Negroes in the city who let him know what is going on and as soon as he hears the news he goes into the country and using a small lead instrument, resembling a flute but only having one hole in the middle, he blows into it with force. . Bridgens wrote "the tin collar is a punishment for drunkenness in females, while the mask is a punishment and preventative of. . . The plates were based on drawings made from life and were done between 1825, when Bridgens arrived in Trinidad, and 1836, when his book was published. The original manuscript is in the Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen and a complete digital facsimile, which includes the drawings, is available The Guaman Poma website. The sound which is spread more than a league in distance is repeated by other Bush Negroes and at the end of a few minutes the Bush Negro villages learn that something new has happened" (p. 62). . "The March" (caption translation). Alleged rape, of course, was punished by lynching. Pierre Jacques Benoit (1782-1854) was a Belgian artist, who visited the Dutch colony of Suriname on his own initiative for several months in 1831. According to Ewbank, "while waiting for [an acquaintance]. He had only ventured twice to Paramaribo, to trade various forest products for lead shot, powder, and gin" (p. 59). The drawing is in Chapter 31, image 337, of the original manuscript. While four of the servants received lesser sentences, the other two were ordered whipped and branded on the cheek with the letter R, and several years were added to their indentures. when a slave stole an item they would be branded on the head with the letters FUR meaning thief. This article is part of our extensive resources on black history. The same illustration appears in later editions of Kidder's work, e.g., 1866 (6th ed. In 1845â1846, he travelled to Brazil and on his return published an account of his travels. Plantation owners often made the other slaves watch the punishment to prevent them from slacking at work or trying to run away. This oil painting shows three men trekking through a forest, while one crouches to take a rest. Benoit explained that "when a chief travels in the interior, he is followed by one or two young blacks, and in his hand he carries the symbol of his office, a long bamboo staff interwoven with large leaves and topped with a pommel or really a sphere/globe, which is somewhat like the staffs carried by our drum majors." . Journal of Caribbean History [2006], vol. . Poma de Ayala described in the image âgood blacks endure the abuses of their master with patience and the love of Christ.â Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala (1535âc. . The plates were based on drawings made from life and were done between 1825, when Bridgens arrived in Trinidad, and 1836, when his book was published. The thirteen engravings in this book (a list with their descriptions is on pp. The whip shown in this photograph is a modern replica of an object that historical evidence indicates was used to discipline enslaved laborers in the eighteenth century. This image depicts the punishment of slaves convicted of participating in the major 1823 slave revolt in Demerara, British Guiana. a dozen at least of butcher's slaves went past in the course of an hour with crushing loads of fresh-killed beef. . Most of the slaves were killed in battle. On another occasion I saw a boy, apparently about fifteen years of age, with a rough, heavy iron collar on his naked neck. Minute holes are punched to admit air to the nostrils, and similar ones in front of the eyes. He had a reputation for being mean. It seemed to be formed by a square bar of iron, about three-quarters of an inch thick, being bent around his neck, and the two ends then joined together. think of going into the field . Pierre Jacques Benoit (1782-1854) was a Belgian artist, who visited the Dutch colony of Suriname on his own initiative for several months in 1831. According to Ewbank, "it is said slaves in masks are not so often encountered in the streets as formerly. Within a few days of leaving the plantation most runaways were brought back and heavily punished. . In chattel slavery, the limits of slave punishments were only set by the masters, as they had the legal right to do whatever they wished. Pierre Jacques Benoit (1782-1854) was a Belgian artist, who visited the Dutch colony of Suriname on his own initiative for several months in 1831. "Negroes: How they have so much patience " (caption translation). In late 1764, Brunias accompanied Young to the Caribbean as his personal artist. The desire to own or control another human beingâbe it a child or a slaveâis perhaps the greatest evil of all. . . To his left is the major fiscal and to his right, the under captain granman; following the three leaders are the captains of all the villages" (p. 59). "An Elder and his Slave" (caption translation). 1616), also known as Guamán Poma or Wamán Poma, was a Quechua nobleman from southern Peru known for chronicling the ill treatment of indigenous groups in the Andes after the Spanish conquest. . The author once encountered "one of these fugitives in an almost impenetrable forest where he had lived for three years. Other slaves and the planter and his family witness the scene. All rights reserved. Ilustration shows three slaves, one wearing a log and chain around his neck, another an iron collar; the third wears a tin mask. Bridgens' book contains 27 plates, thirteen of which are shown on this website. The ⦠Here are 10 of the most horrible punishments recorded for slaves in America. . Francis Fredric was free for nine weeks but was captured and received 107 strokes of the whip. Bridgens' racist perspectives on enslaved Africans and his defense of slavery are discussed in T. Barringer, G. Forrester, and B. Martinez-Ruiz, Art and Emancipation in Jamaica: Isaac Mendes Belisario and his Worlds (Yale University Press, 2007), pp. . The drawing is in Chapter 29, image 300, of the original manuscript. . If a slave was caught trying to escape, the punishment could be very severe. Washingtonâs punishment of last resort was to sell enslaved people to other plantations, usually when they kept trying to run away. This image depicts enslaved Africans carrying goods to market in heavy chians. 115-120) and the drawings on which they are based, were made by the author; he had been living in Demerara for 15 years at the time of publication. If slaves were caught on the underground ... they were whip hang or killed or serious punishment. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, many of slaves came from Barbados, 100 miles to the east of St. Vincent. Runaway slaves were branded on the forehead with letters denoting the slave as a runaway (FUG) which was an abbreviation of "fugitivus," meaning "runaway". 1814âca. Antigua - Any slave running away for a period of three months or more is to suffer death, loss of limb or whipping at the discretion of two judges. Other slaves went by, awfully crippled in their feet and legs; among them two women, lame with elephantiasis. . 7-1-10: The Negro woman ran away again with the bit in her mouth. He stayed in Paramaribo, but visited plantations, maroon communities and indigenous villages inland. Ferrer, the Captain of the Amistad, Joseph Cinquez Addressing His Compatriots on Board the Spanish Schooner, Amistad, Chatoyer, the Chief of the Black Charaibes in St. Vincent with his five Wives, Une femme des bosch-nègres; Espion; Bosch-Nègre, Execution of Participants in Slave Insurrection, Demerara (British Guiana), 1823, Retreat of British Military during Slave Insurrection, Demerara (British Guiana), 1823. This engraving shows several people standing in front of a sugar plantation. Following the prohibition placed on the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the early nineteenth century, some slave owners attempted to improve the living conditions of their existing slaves in order to deter them from running away. In the second case, dated July 22, six white servants and a black man were caught running away, and their punishments varied. See Lennox Honychurch, âChatoyer's Artist: Agostino Brunias and the Depiction of St Vincent,â Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 50 (2004): p.104-128; Hans Huth, âAgostino Brunias, Romano,â The Connoisseur 51 (1962): p. 265-269. a number of female slaves were at work. "White Iron Mask that One Makes Negro Wear" (caption translation). The more serious the ‘crime’ committed, the more severe the punishment. The first two items denote runaways, but the mask is placed on city slaves to prevent them from drinking strong liquor and on the country-slave to prevent eating clay, to which many of the field-negroes are addicted (p. 132). Those captured were decapitated and put on display as a warning to other slaves who might think of rebelling. In the United States, "fugitive slaves" were slaves who left their master and traveled without authorization; generally they tried to reach states or territories where slavery was banned, including Canada, or, until 1821, Spanish Florida. Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding, rape, and imprisonment. William Ellis (1794â1872) was an English missionary and author, who went to Madagascar on three occasions in the 1850s. "A Fugitive Negro" (caption translation). Bridgens' racist perspectives on enslaved Africans and his defense of slavery are discussed in T. Barringer, G. Forrester, and B. Martinez-Ruiz, Art and Emancipation in Jamaica: Isaac Mendes Belisario and his Worlds (Yale University Press, 2007), pp. Although Brunias primarily resided in Dominica, he also spent time in St. Vincent and visited other islands, including Barbados, Grenada, St. Kitts and Tobago. . yet he was. They were sold away from their families or watched as their children were turned over to slave traders. For a comprehensive article on black history in the United States, click here. A slave would be punished for: Resisting slavery; Not working hard enough; Talking too much or using their native language; Stealing from his master; Murdering a white man; Trying to run away; Slave punishments included: 1616), also known as Guamán Poma or Wamán Poma, was a Quechua nobleman from southern Peru known for chronicling the ill treatment of indigenous groups in the Andes after the Spanish conquest. Marcel Verdier (1817-1856) gave an 1849 date to his work (see lower right hand corner), but it may have been done in 1843 for an exhibition at the Paris Salon. That means that they were sold to someone who lived much further south than Maryland, where it would be harder to run away because the distance to the North was so much greater. Joseph Cinqué (ca. Tags American Slavery Instruments of Torture slave punishment slave ⦠That of genital torture and castration were often used as a punishment and deterrent for sexual offences. Owners thought of their slaves ⦠Physical Punishment, Rebellion, Running Away Whipping of a Fugitive Slave, French West Indies, 1840s Lying on his stomach, the victim's hands and legs are tied to stakes while he is being whipped by the black overseer; next to one of his legs is the iron spiked collar, with attached chain, which was often attached to the neck of captured fugitive slaves. Except a projecting piece for the nose, the metal is simply bent cylinder-wise. The right leg of one was really almost as large as her waist" (p. 277). "A Chief on a Trip" (caption translation). They might be sold away from their family and kin on one farm to another far away. He wrote this over 1,200-page manuscript between 1600 and 1615. One of these men was also sentenced to work for a year with a leg shackle. In 1845â1846, he travelled to Brazil and on his return published an account of his travels. 1616), also known as Guamán Poma or Wamán Poma, was a Quechua nobleman from southern Peru known for chronicling the ill treatment of indigenous groups in the Andes after the Spanish conquest. Relationships between slaves and masters: A law forbidding intercourse between white men and slave women was broken with impunity. ), 1879 (9th ed.). It is composed of leathern thongs, platted in the common way, and tapers from the end of the handle (within which is a short bit of wood) to the point, which is furnished with a lash of silk-grass, hard platted and knotted, like that of a horse-whip but thicker. Despite the dangers, however, many runaways managed to find their way north, into states that had outlawed slavery. He stayed in Paramaribo, but visited plantations, maroon communities and indigenous villages inland. He was then appointed United States Commissioner of Patents by President Taylor in 1849. Pierre Jacques Benoit (1782-1854) was a Belgian artist, who visited the Dutch colony of Suriname on his own initiative for several months in 1831. 2, plate 10, captioned une visite a la campagne (a visit to the country). Although his work is undated, the title page of a copy held by the Beinecke Rare Book Room at Yale University has a front cover with a publication date of 1836, the date usually assigned to this work by major libraries whose copies lack a title page. One poor fellow had a collar, and a chain extending from it to an ankle. 460-461. The slaves themselves often suffered severe punishment for the crime of literacy, from savage beatings to the amputation of fingers and toes. The Art Bulletin 67 [1985], pp. He wrote this over 1,200-page manuscript between 1600 and 1615. . The slavery practiced in the United States prior to the Civil War was the legal establishment of human chattel enslavement, primarily, but not exclusively, of Africans and their descendants. It included 398 full-page drawings - seven of which depict enslaved Africans. This engraving shows an escaped slave sitting in his shelter, with various utensils and goods, including rifle and canoe, by a river in the jungle. . See also Frederick P. Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650 (Stanford University Press, 1974), passim, for the historical context of this drawing. The ordinary punishments of slaves, for the common crimes of neglect, absence from work, eating the sugar cane, theft, are cart whipping, beating with a stick, sometimes to the breaking of bones, the chain, an iron crook about the neck... a ring about the ankle, and confinement in the dungeon. (Thanks to Claude Picard for his help.). This engraving shows two men walking along a path. Some slaves were treated well, but there were few restraints on their owners' powers, and physical punishment and sexual abuse were common. This plate, according to Bryant who made the drawing on which it is based. employed in carrying fire-wood to the beach for shipping (p.145). Poma de Ayala described in the image âthe royal administrator orders an African slave to flog an Indian magistrate for collecting a tribute that falls two eggs short.â Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala (1535âc. Raymond's book, which is an essential source for any study of Bridgens, also includes a number of unpublished sketches of Trinidadian slave life. The exhibition jury rejected the painting because its harsh theme would have offended the colonial ambassadors in Paris (William Hauptman, Juries, Protests, and Counter-Exhibitions before 1850. The villagers were unaware of the history of this object. This form of slavery is in contrast to other forms such as bonded labor, in which a person pledged him or herself against a loan. Much like these unfortunate children, slaves were also manipulated through tales of gods who would monitor them and punish those who dared to run away or attempt to regain their freedom. . Moses Roper, received 200 lashes and this was only brought to an end when the master's wife pleaded for his life to be spared. And then we were punished. He stayed in Paramaribo, but visited plantations, maroon communities and indigenous villages inland. . I met but three or four, and in each case the sufferer was a female. He was then appointed United States Commissioner of Patents by President Taylor in 1849. In Mobile, a free man of color and a slave were found guilty of enticing a slave to run away. "Mayors: How the Chief Magistrate Punishes You" (caption translation). A piece had been cut out of each board in the middle, so that, when fixed together they fitted close to her neck, and the poor girl, while wearing this instrument of punishment and disgrace, was working with the rest. Bridgens' book contains 27 plates, thirteen of which are shown on this website. Most slave law tried to control slave travel by requiring them ⦠The image is also on the Mary Evans Picture Gallery (London) website, but the location and date are erroneously given as British Guiana, 1886. It included 398 full-page drawings - seven of which depict enslaved Africans. 4-17-10: Byrd helped to investigate slaves tried for âHigh Treasonâ; two were hanged. It included 398 full-page drawings - seven of which depict enslaved Africans. According to Bridgens, "the bed stock is generally placed in some of the out-houses belonging to the estate, where the offender may be denied the society and encouragement of his friends or accomplices. He who entices a slave, "by specious pretense of promising freedom in another country," or otherwise, to leave the province, if successful, or if caught in the act, was to suffer death; and the same extreme penalty was to be inflicted on slaves "running away with intent to get out of the province." Its form gives it some degree of elasticity towards the handle; and when used with severity . In this illustration, the author depicted a woman who he saw "with bells around her neck and her body which the maroons hoped would discourage her from trying to escape again" (p. 61). This image shows enslaved Africans revolting on the top deck of a slave ship. © HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. The engravings in this book were taken from drawings made by Debret during his residence in Brazil from 1816 to 1831. The original manuscript is in the Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen and a complete digital facsimile, which includes the drawings, is available The Guaman Poma website. A tin mask, such as is put on the heads of Negroes addicted to . . Although some masters did teach their slaves to read as a way to Christianize them, most slave owners believed that teaching such skills was useless, if not dangerous. It featured foreign and domestic news, fiction, essays on many subjects and humor, alongside illustrations. Some proslavery advocates asserted that many slaves were ⦠See also Brian Austen, Richard Hicks Bridgens (Oxford Art Online/Grove Art Online). 105- 106; see also Hugh Honour, pp.153-154, 156). 1879), also known as Sengbe Pieh, was Mende from the Upper Guinea Coast. Therefore, slaves in the American South experienced horrific levels of brutality. He forced the boy to pull his pants down and gave the boy 10â15 straps with a great big leather strap. He wrote that they "all wore only loincloths, and none was distinguished from the other by clothing, except the eldest wore iron and coral arm and leg ornaments and an unsheathed cutlass around his waist. See also Frederick P. Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650 (Stanford University Press, 1974), passim, for the historical context of this drawing. Site created in November 2000. Although he occasionally returned to England, he ultimately lived in Trinidad for seven years and died in Port of Spain in 1846. dirt-eating, is seen hanging against the wall." The whip was the most common instrument used against a slave; one said "The only punishment that I ever heard or knew of being adm⦠The original manuscript is in the Danish Royal Library, Copenhagen and a complete digital facsimile, which includes the drawings, is available The Guaman Poma website. He helped lead a revolt of many Africans on the Spanish slave ship, La Amistad. Although his work is undated, the title page of a copy held by the Beinecke Rare Book Room at Yale University has a front cover with a publication date of 1836, the date usually assigned to this work by major libraries whose copies lack a title page. Most of those who were returned to their owners were severely punished in an effort to deter others from attempting to leave. In the accompanying text, Ellis described how "In one of their houses. He was tracked down, however, and he and 42 of the slaves were returned to Alabama. 40, pp. In referring to the Spy (espion), Benoit wrote that "the Bush Negroes are very distrustful and suspicious of Europeans, and to know what is going on throughout the colony, they have established a manner of communication no less prompt/quick than the telegraph. See also Frederick P. Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650 (Stanford University Press, 1974), passim, for the historical context of this drawing. . The so-called "Black Caribs" were descendants of the indigenous Caribs and fugitive black slaves from St. Vincent and neighbouring islands. This image shows self-liberating men, women, and children during a night time escape. He sold at least three men to the West Indies: Tom in 1766, Will Shagg in 1772, and Jack in 1791. Although this painting has often been reproduced in books dealing with New World slavery, it is not based on the artist's own observations. For a description of this mask in Brazil, see image ewbank3. Raymond's book, which is an essential source for any study of Bridgens, also includes a number of unpublished sketches of Trinidadian slave life. For watercolors by Debret of scenes in Brazil, some of which were incorporated into his Voyage Pittoresque, see Jean Baptiste Debret, Viagem Pitoresca e Historica ao Brasil (Editora Itatiaia Limitada, Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 1989; a reprint of the 1954 Paris edition, edited by R. De Castro Maya. 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Resources on black history nostrils, and similar ones in front of the eyes 10â15. Spy ; Bush-Negro '' ( caption translation ) vast majority of slaves convicted of participating in deepest... A village in Barbados, during 1961-62 while he was doing anthropological fieldwork Ellis ( 1794â1872 ) an. In this book ( a visit to the mouth round iron, some one... Severe the punishment to prevent them from slacking at work or trying to run away Barbados, 1961-62! 4-17-10: Byrd helped to investigate slaves tried for âHigh Treasonâ ; two were hanged iron mask that one Negro! 1792Â1870 ) was an English writer on practical mechanics for shipping ( p.145 ) country ) and following troops! The ‘ crime ’ committed, the vast majority of slaves running,. [ 1985 ], pp tears the flesh, how were slaves punished for running away? he and 42 the. Children were turned over to slave traders birth among enslaved West Indians some them... And similar ones in front of the most horrible punishments recorded for slaves in the course of an with. Fingers and toes War extensively, including many illustrations of the indigenous Caribs and fugitive black from...